You toss some bananas and milk into a blender. Then you plug it into the wall and press start. Soon, you have a delicious smoothie. While you’re sipping and scrolling through TikTok, you notice your phone’s battery is low. So you plug that into the wall and the battery charges.
Next time you step outside, take a moment to notice all the plants. You may see a grassy lawn, weeds poking through the sidewalk, towering trees, moss growing on rocks or bricks, or maybe even a vegetable or flower garden. Now let this thought sink in: without plants, you and all the other human beings and animals on this planet couldn’t survive. We depend on plants for the air we breathe. But the relationship goes much deeper than that. We also rely on plants for food, clothing, medicines, materials, and so much more.
Just as you can write the history of the world using the biographies of the famous men and women who changed it (Confucius, Alexander the Great, Queen Elizabeth, Winston Churchill, etc.), you can tell the story of humankind by going from one great cultural center to another. Certain cities at certain moments have defined the course of the arts . Consider Xi’an in the Tang dynasty, Florence and Amsterdam in the Renaissance, London in the time of Shakespeare, or Vienna during the era of Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven. In exactly this way, Paris during the Jazz Age was one of the most fun and one of the most important cities in the history of art, music, literature, and fashion.
Wild nature seems to be the opposite of a human city. In nature, curvy and messy lines dominate, while in a city, most lines are straight and neat. In nature, the weather changes from rain to heat to cold, while in a city, roofs and heating and cooling systems keep people comfortable. In nature, growth happens chaotically, while in a city, growth is planned and controlled. In a city, people often pave over nature or fence it in. They tame it to the point that it may be hard to notice. But nature is always there. In fact, it is essential.
When you think of a city, you probably think of busy streets and towering skyscrapers . But the city doesn’t just reach up into the sky. It also extends down below the earth. Hidden beneath buildings and roads, a complex network of wires and pipes brings residents electricity, water, and gas and also removes their waste. Underground tunnels house subway systems, storage rooms, or other structures. In many cities, space above ground is so precious and crowded that engineers are finding new, creative ways to use underground space. Singapore is one of those cities. Here, the underground is already used for many purposes, and the city government is looking into ways to build even more underground structures. “You can build up, but there is a limit,” said John Keung when he was CEO of Singapore’s Building and Construction Authority. “The only thing left is to go underground.”
The next big thing in nuclear energy is small. Designs for dozens of small modular reactors have been developed or are in progress . And a few small reactors are already operating in India, Pakistan, Russia, and elsewhere. A small modular reactor can produce up to 300 megawatts (MW) of electricity (many designs produce much less). But size isn’t the only thing that makes these new, advanced reactor designs stand out.
Everyone can see that, from birth through adolescence, humans get taller and their bones get longer. And then all th at stops around the end of the teen years. In the past, the mechanism of growth was a mystery. In the fourth century, there was a common belief that children’s natural character was hot and liquid, partly because of the blood that went into their creation. Thus, a physician to the Roman emperor believed that children grew because of their excessive heat. Twelve hundred years later, it was understood that food provided the material that allowed growth. A French physician, however, pointed out that even when sick children didn’t eat, they continued to grow.
Airplanes couldn’t take off. Ships and trucks couldn’t deliver products. Factories stopped running. Hospitals had to turn away patients. It was June 27, 2017, and an invisible enemy was attacking businesses around the world. That enemy was a computer virus. Security experts named it NotPetya because at first it seemed similar to a 2016 virus named Petya. But it was much worse than Petya. “It was the worst cyberattack ever,” says Craig Williams, a cybersecurity expert at Cisco in Austin, Texas.
虚拟的攻击，真实的威胁 Continue reading »
A teenage girl wanders into her kitchen one morning. The lights come on automatically as she enters the room and her favorite music begins to play, thanks to the Internet of the future. Invisibly, it follows her every move, anticipating what she will want and need. It accesses the smart watch the girl is wearing, gathering data about her current health including body weight, heart rate, bowel movements, and how much she has exercised and slept lately. It combines this data with knowledge about how various foods have affected the health of everyone else using the Internet and smart watches. Then it speaks through the watch with the voice of a friendly virtual assistant, suggesting yogurt with granola, a healthy and enjoyable breakfast.
互联网进入Web 3.0时代 Continue reading »
